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Shemsi en Tehuti
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Posted: Monday March 5th, 2007 13:58 |
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Did We Sell Each Other Into Slavery?
A Commentary by Oscar L. Beard, Consultant in African Studies
24 May 1999
The single most effective White propaganda assertion that continues to make it very difficult for us to reconstruct the African social systems of mutual trust broken down by U.S. Slavery is the statement, unqualified, that, "We sold each other into slavery." Most of us have accepted this statement as true at its face value. It implies that parents sold their children into slavery to Whites, husbands sold their wives, even brothers and sisters selling each other to the Whites. It continues to perpetuate a particularly sinister effluvium of Black character. But deep down in the Black gut, somewhere beneath all the barbecue ribs, gin and whitewashed religions, we know that we are not like this.
This singular short tart claim, that "We sold each other into slavery", has maintained in a state of continual flux our historical basis for Black-on-Black self love and mutual cooperation at the level of Class. Even if it is true (without further clarification) that we sold each other into slavery, this should not absolve Whites of their responsibility in our subjugation. We will deal with Africa if need be.
The period from the beginning of the TransAtlantic African Slave so-called Trade (1500) to the demarcation of Africa into colonies in the late 1800s is one of the most documented periods in World History. Yet, with the exception of the renegade African slave raider Tippu Tip of the Congo (Muslim name, Hamed bin Muhammad bin Juna al-Marjebi) who was collaborating with the White Arabs (also called Red Arabs) there is little documentation of independent African slave raiding. By independent is meant that there were no credible threats, intoxicants or use of force by Whites to force or deceive the African into slave raiding or slave trading and that the raider himself was not enslaved to Whites at the time of slave raiding or "trading". Trade implies human-to-human mutuality without force. This was certainly not the general scenario for the TransAtlantic so-called Trade in African slaves. Indeed, it was the Portuguese who initiated the European phase of slave raiding in Africa by attacking a sleeping village in 1444 and carting away the survivors to work for free in Europe.
Even the case of Tippu Tip may well fall into a category that we might call the consequences of forced cultural assimilation via White (or Red) Arab Conquest over Africa. Tippu Tip s father was a White (or Red) Arab slave raider, his mother an unmixed African slave. Tip was born out of violence, the rape of an African woman. It is said that Tip, a "mulatto", was merciless to Africans.
yy The first act against Africa by Whites was an unilateral act of war, announced or unannounced. There were no African Kings or Queens in any of the European countries nor in the U.S. when ships set sail for Africa to capture slaves for profit. Whites had already decided to raid for slaves. They didn t need our agreement on that. Hence, there was no mutuality in the original act. The African so-called slave "trade" was a demand-driven market out of Europe and America, not a supply-driven market out of Africa. We did not seek to sell captives to the Whites as an original act. Hollywood s favorite is showing Blacks capturing Blacks into slavery, as if this was the only way capture occurred. There are a number of ways in which capture occurred. Let s dig a little deeper into this issue.
Chancellor Williams, in his classic work, The Destruction of Black Civilization, explains that after the over land passage of African trade had been cut off at the Nile Delta by the White Arabs in about 1675 B.C. (the Hyksos), the Egyptian/African economy was thrown into a recession. There is even indication of "pre-historic" aggression upon Africa by White nomadic tribes (the Palermo Stone). As recession set in the African Government began selling African prisoners of war and criminals on death row to the White Arabs. This culminated as an unfortunate trade, in that, when the White Arabs attacked, they had the benefit of the knowledge and strength of Africans on their side, as their slaves. This is a significantly different picture than the propaganda that we sold our immediate family members into slavery to the Whites.
In reality, slavery is an human institution. Every ethnic group has sold members of the same ethnic group into slavery. It becomes a kind of racism; that, while all ethnic groups have sold its own ethnic group into slavery, Blacks can't do it. When Eastern Europeans fight each other it is not called tribalism. Ethnic cleansing is intended to make what is happening to sound more sanitary. What it really is, is White Tribalism pure and simple.
The fact of African resistance to European Imperialism and Colonialism is not well known, though it is well documented. Read, for instance, Michael Crowder (ed.), West African Resistance, Africana Publishing Corporation, New York, 1971. Europeans entered Africa in the mid 1400 s and early 1500 s during a time of socio-political transition. Europeans chose a favorite side to win between African nations at a war and supplied that side with guns, a superior war instrument. In its victory, the African side with guns rounded up captives of war who were sold to the Europeans in exchange for more guns or other barter. Whites used these captives in their own slave raids. These captives often held pre-existing grudges against groups they were ordered to raid, having formerly been sold into slavery themselves by these same groups as captives in inter-African territorial wars. In investigating our history and capture, a much more completed picture emerges than simply that we sold each other into slavery.
The Ashanti, who resisted British Imperialism in a Hundred Years War, sold their African captives of war and criminals to other Europeans, the Portuguese, Spanish, French, in order to buy guns to maintain their military resistance against British Imperialism (Michael Crowder, ed., West African Resistance).
Eric A. Walker, in A History of Southern Africa, Longmans, London, 1724, chronicles the manner in which the Dutch entered South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. Van Riebeeck anchored at the Cape with his ships in 1652 during a time that the indigenous Khoi Khoi or Khoisan (derogatorily called Hottentots) were away hunting. The fact of their absence is the basis of the White "claim" to the land. But there had been a previous encounter with the Khoi Khoi at the Cape in 1510 with the Portuguese Ship Almeida. States Eric A. Walker, "Affonso de Albuquerque was a conscious imperialist whose aim was to found self-sufficing colonies and extend Portuguese authority in the East&He landed in Table Bay, and as it is always the character of the Portuguese to endeavor to rob the poor natives of the country, a quarrel arose with the Hottentots, who slew him and many of his companions as they struggled towards their boats through the heavy sand of Salt River beach." (Ibid. p. 17). Bartholomew Diaz had experienced similar difficulties with the indigenous Xhosa of South Africa in 1487, on his way to "discovering" a "new" trade route to the East. The conflict ensued over a Xhosa disagreement over the price Diaz wanted to pay for their cattle. The Xhosa had initially come out meet the Whites, playing their flutes and performing traditional dance.
In 1652, knowing that the indigenous South Africans were no pushovers, Van Riebeeck didn t waste any time. As soon as the Khoi Khoi returned from hunting, Van Riebeeck accused them of stealing Dutch cattle. Simply over that assertion, war broke out, and the superior arms of the Dutch won. South African Historian J. Congress Mbata best explains this dynamic in his lectures, available at the Cornell University Africana Studies Department. Mbata provides three steps: 1) provocation by the Whites, 2) warfare and, 3) the success of a superior war machinery.
There are several instances in which Cecil Rhodes, towards the end of the 19th Century, simply demonstrated the superiority of the Maxim Machine Gun by mowing down a corn field in a matter of minutes. Upon such demonstrations the King and Queen of the village, after consulting the elders, signed over their land to the Whites. These scenarios are quite different from the Hollywood version, and well documented.
It has been important to present the matters above to dispel the notion of an African slave trade that involved mutuality as a generalized dynamic on the part of Africans. If we can accept the documented facts of our history above and beyond propaganda, we can begin to heal. We can begin to love one another again and go on to regain our liberties on Earth.
Respectfully,
Oscar L. Beard, B.A., RPCV
Consultant in African Studies
P.O. Box 5208
Atlanta, Georgia 31107
Copyright =A9 by Oscar L. Beard, Atlanta, 1999
International Law of Copyrights, All Rights Reserved.
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/30/145.html Last edited on Monday March 5th, 2007 14:00 by Shemsi en Tehuti
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Incognito
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Posted: Monday March 5th, 2007 14:50 |
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Yes we did, but in all the worlds crimes against humanity, treason, espionage and sell out business has always played its part - do not however let that detract from the real crime.
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Dada
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 01:55 |
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Without the co-operation and involvement of Africans the African Slave trade could not and would not exist.
- From the 16C to early 19C very few if any White European ventured into the interior of the West African Coast. This is because of the climate and malaria that killed 50% of Europeans that visited the shores of Africa and remained there.
- Only Captains would usually venture to the Coast Castles for Palaver with Castle Officials as to stop the spread of diseases. Thus their crews remained on board ship.
- Almost all the Forts, along the West Coast of Africa and certainly all the forts along the Gold Coast were on Leasehold throughout most of the Slave trade, that is the local population mainly the FANTE rented out the Land on where the Castles were built.
- The Ewe and Fante were instrumental in providing the transport of slaves from the shore to the Slave Ships, as well as charging taxes for slaves being processed to the forts.
- 10% of Slave Ships usually faced a rebellion from the Slaves interned. It was usual practice of the FANTE to return slaves that rebelled against the Slave ships.
- The Warring nations of the Ashanti , Yoruba , of Dahomey Kingdoms used the selling of captive or conquered enemy during the wars of expanding their kingdoms as a means of funding conquest.
- In the Case of the Ashanti, there war with the Fante was over the rights of trade, having been a major supplier by taking over the Fante it provided the Ashanti Kingdom to earn more money at the points of Customs. Their War with the British was very similar to that the British had with the King of Dahomey. In 1807 when the Slave trade was at it highest Britain pulled the plug on it at a time the Ashanti were investing heavely through it's conquest. The wars were about colonial involvement and attempts to encourge a transition of Slaving to Agricultural products such as Palm Oil.
- Many Africans, voluntary placed themselves into Slavery inadvertly through the African custom of using either themselves or a relative to pay off a debts. The Europeans took advantage of this custom later by placing time limits in which to pay that debt of (3 months or 6 months) after which if the debt was not repaid the person could be sold into slavery.
Cape Coast Castle
The African involvement in the Slave trade makes the understanding of the subject more complex than a simple White Man bad Black Man good scenario.
"The Door of No Return"
Through this Door 15% of the Slaves from West Africa Passed through
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 02:27 by Dada
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 10:03 |
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Dada - that was good insight into a thought I've had regarding timing. It's well documented how long the slave trade lasted yet many people still see it as a single event as opposed to a way of life. I wonder how long it went on for before the natives in Africa saw it as normal or a way of life therefore limiting their magnitude in perception of the attrocities being committed against them. Ironic but has anything really changed.
Likewise with the slaves themselves in America and the Caribbean. The rebels of that day, how many were rebelling with reference to Africa and how many rebelled simply out of human intuition and spirit. The majority born into slavery wouldn't have known anything different so in many cases would see the rebels as trouble makers and wouldn't think twice about selling them out. Again has anything really changed.
Go to Africa now any many things we would consider primitive are deemed normal and in some respects vice versa.
Think we need to appreciate that for the average slave it is not inconceivable that they had no concept of what slavery was in contrast to being free. Given time a brainwashed brain is simply a brain, it's normal and a lot of documentation and historical facts are delivered and interpreted from this angle.
Again I can only remphasise, the washing of the brain is part and parcel of the crime of slavery. They say do something for thirty days straight and it becomes habit. How far into the four hundred years or so of slavery do you think it was before those on both sides of the equation see it as completely normal. Or from another perspective, ask yourself how long the war between the Ashanti and Fante last compared to the length of the slave trade. I've seen documentation suggesting it was between 1806 and 1807 i.e 12 months max and if I really want to be cinical call it Dec 31 1806 to Jan 1 1807. Go figure.
Though this suggestion could be used by white people to justify their own history i.e different times different minds, never understimate the guile of a grey. Don't let these liars distort and sell their wickedness as kindness. They take full pride and credit for the advantages gained from the industrial revolution so equally they must do the same for the slave trade.
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 10:31 by Incognito
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Dada
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 10:51 |
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@Incognito,
The returning of the rebel slaves was carried out by Free Fante along the coastal waters of the Gold Coast.
The war between the Fante and Ashanti, I suppose demonstrates the greed by the Ashanti to tap into even more profits from the lucrative trade.
The details I posted come from a Book ( The Grand Slave Emporium) by William St Clair who studied the files recently availiabe in England and records and documents in the Castle itself. A number of observations were made in aspects such as how "Racism" did not play a major part in the early days of Slavery, at how small the actual number of White Europeans ( in terms of the British no more than 50 - 100 Soldiers) were actually adminstring the trade.
Before the Victorian times many of the Europeans were firmly integrated into the local customs and spoke the langauge fluently. Many had wifes that were maintained according to the local traditions. If one looks at the History of Anomabu Castle where the governor after 5,000 Fante made refuge in the Castle walls from the Attacking Ashanti were then as custom dictates handed over to the Ashanti as spoils of war to be subsequently sold into slavery to the English by the Ashanti. Although in that incidence half of the refugees managed to regain their freedoom
The mindset is that of normality and it is with retrospective looking glasses (highly selective ones) that we judge the trade.
The main point I would like to illustrate is how we as African-British- American Brazilians pay too little regard to the equally guilty acts of other African Ancestors in the trade.
Essentially prior to colonial & Victorian times the Slave trade was predominately carried out along economic lines and Religious criteria (to be Baptised or not to be Baptised that is the question and value of the matter).
The Churches involvement of the Slave trade makes a mockery of just how embraced Christianity is in Africa. Only last week I had to attend a funeral of a relative and having conflicting thoughts when hearing the singing of "Amazing Grace" at the grave side by decendants of slaves, not realising the context of the hymn.
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 11:03 by Dada
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Incognito
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 12:02 |
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Dada - I've heard people talk about the Ashanti war against the British like some huge uprising against the oppressor where others will tell you it was the Ahanti's getting too big for their boots and biting the hand that fed them...a bit like Sadam Hussein. The European soldier count I think is iirrelevant as even today they have bases all over the world in manning stations and observation points, they're are spokes belonging to a bigger central hub.
Slavery was indeed an enterprise. We've heard arguments saying Africans didn't know what enslaved Africans were being sold into but purchased goods are purchased goods to do what you want with. I'm sure what the sellers got in return wasn't all put to the purpose originally intended for either. I don't think being gullible or naive is an excuse for the major roles Africans played - it was plain and simple sellout business with roots firmly held in tribalism.
From the viewpoint that a people sailed the seven seas looking for suitable people to work their cane fields and willing to do anything to get those people once found, there was a lot of skullduggery from the white mans side, the fact religion played its part says it all but to say they walked into a ready made system with slaves rolling of the production line would be too easy. Compliant Africans was just one method of attaining slaves, there's enough evidence showing what the alternatives were.
This is where it can get seriously twisted. In the position of the whiteman even if he went and hunted down a slave, in a court of law he has the right to tell the judge he was only doing the hunting permitted by the African slavemaster, doing his job for him. Once you sell out you forfeit your right to any redemption, it makes it too easy for the buyer to manipulate his story....a lot of which we read today as fact.
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Dada
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 15:46 |
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@incognito.
Good Post.
Especially the points:
"Slavery was indeed an enterprise. We've heard arguments saying Africans didn't know what enslaved Africans were being sold into but purchased goods are purchased goods to do what you want with. I'm sure what the sellers got in return wasn't all put to the purpose originally intended for either. I don't think being gullible or naive is an excuse for the major roles Africans played - it was plain and simple sellout business with roots firmly held in tribalism."
The best point I have read was in the Book: "King Guezo of Dahomey-1850-52" uncovered editions. Whereby in constant fighting with the Yoruba and some times the British over trying to continue the Slave trade, he finally asks the question to a British emissory:
"What do they do (the Americans and Brazilians) with all these slaves?"
Answer: "Send them to work on Plantations, your Royal Highness"
King: "Why don't we just have plantations over here and use the slaves for the purpose ?"
And therein is the rub. With the Man power availiable why has Africa not utilized it's greatest assets ( or in the thinking of the time) Commodity.....................HUMAN CAPITAL
Still we have a brain drain from Africa 200 years after 
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 15:58 |
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 .
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 16:00 by Dada
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Incognito
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 16:26 |
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Dada - all well and good but I still say timing is key. There was a lot of stuff that happened at the tail end of the slave empire where much conditioning and subliminally arrived realities were now already set in stone.
Many modern black people talk about slavery from an oppressed and emotional perspective which is why you rarely hear them mention anything other than white Europeans where the reality is the Spanish and the Portugese led the way. Are any of these countries celebrating the abolition or wriggling their way out of compensation talk.
If we start from the inception of African slavery being the late 14th early 15th century then there is more than enough room to defend the 18th and 19th century African sellout business as a consequence of a readymade system as opposed to the cause.
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 16:29 by Incognito
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 16:36 |
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Here's a good site from a British perspective. A lot to read but partitioned nicely. There's all sorts in there, even read how our women were made to start breeding slaves at 13 and were promised freedom after producing fifteen slaves. Alwasy wondered why Caribbean families were so large in numbers..I always thought it was the non-use of contraception.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/slavery.htm
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 16:37 by Incognito
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comfortandjoy
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 16:45 |
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@ Incognito:
Spanish and Portuguese were also white Europeans.
The large families that Caribbean women had was likely to be because they didn't have access to contraception.
In the days before contraception, all people had to do to procreate was to have sex, so no promise of release from slavery for 15+ children could have made the family sizes any bigger...providing the slaves were having sex - children would have been born anyway. So it would have had to have been down to luck if women were getting released from slavery based on the number of children they had.
The large numbers of children were probably more due to the fact that the women were fertile and there was no access to contraception, rather than any specific attempt to have lots of children based on any incentive, so I'm not sure if I believe that.
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 16:49 |
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c&j - they say a promise is a comfort to a fool. The promise of freedom was simply a con or an unattainable bribe. By the time women were 20 they had produced a good half a dozen slaves...perpetually pregnant. I mean if the same tactics were used to capture the Africans to begin with why stop there. The more slaves the better for the slavemaster....they were collateral assets.
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 16:51 by Incognito
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 17:38 |
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| You would think the more slaves being born the better...but I read somewhere that it was actually cheaper to ship in new slaves from Africa, than raise slaves on the plantation. Apparently it was only after the 'trade' was abolished, that it made financial sense for the Caribbean plantation owners to 'breed' slaves.
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 18:15 |
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Conceptually I'd argue that breeding your own has got to be cheaper but who knows. As said timing is very important, we are dealing with issues over timescales you'd expect to find in the bible. Dealing with incidents which occurred a decade here or a few decades there is an insult to the overall injustice. That's greys doing their thing. We can't fall for that old trick again.
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 18:17 by Incognito
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 18:27 |
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The slave trade was greatly encouraged by the low cost of slaves. Even though the price of slaves rose three- or four-fold during the eighteenth century, many Europeans were convinced that it was "cheaper to buy than to breed." Between the sixteenth and mid-eighteenth centuries, it was cheaper to import a slave from Africa than to raise a child to the age of 14.
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/black_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=30
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 18:40 |
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Yeah to be honest if the degree of African involvement was as big as implied then they were probably breeding them back on the continent i.e production line. The enterprise would have been in fuller swing by then and the immediate needs could have been more desperate.
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 18:41 by Incognito
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 20:53 |
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Quote:Even the case of Tippu Tip may well fall into a category that we might call the consequences of forced cultural assimilation via White (or Red) Arab Conquest over Africa. Tippu Tip s father was a White (or Red) Arab slave raider, his mother an unmixed African slave. Tip was born out of violence, the rape of an African woman. It is said that Tip, a "mulatto", was merciless to Africans.
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Posted: Monday March 19th, 2007 21:17 |
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Yeah I believe the East African slave trade begun as early as the 9th century. I suppose give it another century or two west African slavery too will pale into insignificance.
Be interesting to know if th East African slave trade is taught in any East African schools.
Last edited on Monday March 19th, 2007 21:18 by Incognito
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Posted: Sunday March 25th, 2007 16:56 |
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Black-on-black slavery class=s4If Africans themselves sold other Africans into slavery, how has this affected today's Caribbeans, the descendants of those slaves? It’s an issue which has divided the two groups for hundreds of years but is being tackled here in Manchester.
It’s an uncomfortable truth for many black people: according to the history books, West Africans played a key role in the slave trade, leading white slave traders to other African tribes in exchange for goods like textiles, mirrors and even seashells.
Captured: Africans sold slaves
The issue still divides people from the Caribbean and present day Africa. Many Caribbeans accuse people from countries like Nigeria and Ghana as acting in a ‘superior’ way; likewise, some West Africans view people from the West Indies as lazy or weak. And it all dates back to the slave issue.
Freedom for All
Mama Toro is a leading grassroots African female artist who’s been involved in promoting African women's arts, culture and heritage across Europe.
Originally from the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria, she says the widely-held view that Africans sold other Africans into slavery doesn’t tell the whole story.
“We were painted as if we sold our people. If we sold our people, and we were so cruel, why do we welcome people each time, even the slaves that went away?�
Mama Toro is currently working on Freedom For All, a project which hopes to tell the true story of slavery to Manchester schoolchildren in an effort to bring the two communities together.
“Let us tell our side of the story so there will not be conflict between the Africans from Africa and the Africans who come from the Caribbean. Because, each time the Caribbeans say: 'You sold us.' I say: ‘That is the story that you are told. Have you heard the story from us? No.’
Freedom for All – a project developing educational resources to tell the African side of the story – starts Oct/November 2007 and will run for three years.
Taken from a bbc manchester site
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Dada
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Posted: Sunday March 25th, 2007 18:33 |
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First let me state that the selectiveness of publishing these 1st hand accounts after the abolishion of the Slave Trade is subtle. It makes the British look like good people trying to stop African Nations from continuing the Slave trade, which they themselves were actively involved in. Nevertheless this book made up of simply from Official documents unedited leaves the reader in no doubt as to just how important the slave trade was for Africans.
The comment about receiving goods in return for slaves, in those days that was the normal currency Gun Powder,Rum, or other tradable items. the Use of the Ackee, currency came into it later.
Highly reccommended reading
the plaque in Cape Coast Castle from the Fante & Ashanti peoples Last edited on Sunday March 25th, 2007 18:36 by Dada
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Dada
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Posted: Sunday March 25th, 2007 18:50 | | | |
