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Aryek
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Posted: Friday June 10th, 2005 15:31 |
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ZIMBABWE
KINGDOM OF THE SHONA
PROLOGUE
Time and space encapsulate a void in which an entire civilization can be lost for centuries. The Shona Empire encompassed the land mass of Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The cities of Mapungubwe, Thelamela and Great Zimbabwe were thriving commercial cities. Commercial traders transported their goods on the Shashe and Limpopo Rivers. These waterways connected the Shona with African east coast commercial trading centers which networked into the markets of India and China. The Shona people built hundreds of cities of stone, crowded with three story apartment complexes, housing tens of thousands of people. They tended vast herds of cattle and grew rich as the cattlemen of Africa. The history of Zimbabwe would be hidden from European perception until the twentieth century. This was the Shona Empire.
MAP OF AFRICA
THE KINGDOM OF THE SHONA
THE KINGDOM OF THE SHONA
TIMELINE OF THE SHONA STATES
Indigenous people called the San.
Shepherd nomads - the Khoi - move south from Western Africa. Society develops iron metallurgy, agriculture and cattle herding.
1 A.D. - 300 A.D.
Commercial activities include: gold mining, trade in copper, salt, cloth, ivory and cattle.
800 A.D.
Approximately 500 stone cities are built throughout Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa, including the cities of Mapungubwe, Thulamela, Torwa and Great Zimbabwe. The most elaborate city was Great Zimbabwe.
800 - 1600 A.D.
The city of Mapungubwe (named the Jackal after a leader) was one of the first settlements. Mapungubwe was home to thousands of farmers who raised cattle. By 1175, Mapungubwe was the capital of a commercial trading complex that extended to the African east coast commercial trading routes. A citizen of Mapungubwe would have found himself/herself to be part of a very structured society with a royal elitist class. In the twelfth century, drought conditions made cattle raising impossible forcing the inhabitants to migrate northward. It was a characteristic of the Shona that they packed up and headed to new settlements every two or three hundred years. They were to found more than three hundred settlements in Zimbabwe.
The largest of the stone walled settlements (called zimbabwes) was erected at Great Zimbabwe. The wealth of Shona cities was derived from excising tariffs on trade routes and the sale of their cattle.
THE WALLED CITY OF GREAT ZIMBABWE
THE CITY OF GREAT ZIMBABWE
OUTER WALLS
LUXURY TWO-THREE STORY APARTMENT COMPLEX
CORRIDOR WALLS SECTIONING THE CITY
MYSTERY TOWERS
The Shona built massive walled cities without utilizing a straight line, right angle or rectangle. Architecture was designed with curves. The round homes would nestle against the rounded outer walls in a perfect fit. In this manner, not a precious square inch of area would be lost. The walls were built from stones taken from nearby hills. Great rocks were cut using torches and then chiseled into blocks. Building blocks fitted so perfectly that mortar was not needed to hold the walls in place.The Shona used curved walls inside the city to section off living areas.
Great Zimbabwe contained eighteen thousand people. Royalty lived within the city walls, farmers and workers lived outside. A Shona home would be thirty feet across, a two-three story building, with thick walls colored in red. Homes were packed together so they touched one another. At night, the cooking fires would create a smog over the city. The Shona traded in gold, ivory, beads, cloth, salt and cattle. The Shona built circular towers. The function of these towers remain a mystery. The towers were not used for observation or security concerns. They may have been built for aesthetic purposes or they may be spiritual homes of past nobles.
In the sixteenth century, environmental degradation took its toll on the Shona cities. By the seventeenth century, plagued by overpopulation and lack of clean water, all new construction stopped.
The state of Rhodesia officially changed its name to Zimbabwe in honor of the commercial center of the Shona civilization - Great Zimbabwe - the lost city of Africa.
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The Watcher
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Posted: Friday June 10th, 2005 15:40 |
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Agree wholeheartedly with you "enough with egypt" sentiments. Not that I don't care about Egypt but sometimes I think "black" history gets dominated by it to the detriment of learning about the rest of us. We all get wrapped up in pyramids and Pharohs but what about the rest of Africa??
Good on you Aryek for taking the initiative
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Aryek
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Posted: Friday June 10th, 2005 16:00 |
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Thank you, DM. But really I'm getting tired of all these Egypt threads. Don't get me wrong I love Egypt, the pyramids are beautiful, but I think that we focus too much on the Empire sometimes. It's shameful that so many of us have never heard of these Sub-Saharan empires, yet we know all there is to know about Egypt. The Shona empire has just as many beautiful stone structures as Egypt and their history is even more relevant to our history yet we spend more time talking about Egypt than the Shona. I think it's time that we start giving these empires the respect and attention they deserve.
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Aryek
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Posted: Friday June 10th, 2005 16:17 |
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Ruins of Great Zimbabwe:
 National Monument of Great Zimbabwe
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The Watcher
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Posted: Friday June 10th, 2005 16:34 |
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I've been there Aryek
The top picture you posted, I remember walking down that path... It's a very spooky place LOL Don't know if you can get a sense of perspective there but the walls are very tall and steep and close together so walking between them you are overwhelmed by the place.
Also it's out in the bush towards past lake kyle (if I remember right) and far from any major towns... it's proper in the bush... quiet and eerie, the only noise is the crickets and that bird you hear everywhere in africa.
There are of course a few shops nearby where you can buy artifacts and so on and a Muti man but I don't remember any sizeable villages about, it's Isolated as hell in the hills
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Posted: Friday June 10th, 2005 19:54 |
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Excellent post.I'm GOGGLE'ing now
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Aryek
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Posted: Friday June 10th, 2005 22:34 |
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Mapungubwe: SA's lost city of gold
23 September 2004
One thousand years ago, Mapungubwe in Limpopo province was the centre of the largest kingdom in the sub-continent, where a highly sophisticated people traded gold and ivory with China, India and Egypt.
The Iron-Age site, discovered in 1932 but hidden from public attention until only recently, has been declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco).
Mapungubwe was one of 24 sites around the world added to Unesco's World Heritage List in July 2003, bringing to five the number of South African sites that have been awarded World Heritage status. Lucille Davie pays a visit to the "place of the stone of wisdom", home to South Africa's first kingdom - and finds herself unprepared for its historical potency and natural beauty.  In its statement on the listing, Unesco describes Mapungubwe as the centre of the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned in the 14th century.
"What survives are the almost untouched remains of the palace sites and also the entire settlement area dependent upon them, as well as two earlier capital sites, the whole presenting an unrivalled picture of the development of social and political structures over some 400 years," Unesco said.
Mapungubwe was home to an advanced culture of people for the time – the ancestors of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. They traded with China and India, had a flourishing agricultural industry, and grew to a population of around 5 000.
Mapungubwe is probably the earliest known site in southern Africa where evidence of a class-based society existed (Mapungubwe's leaders were separated from the rest of the inhabitants).
Gold, copper, exotic beads ...
The site was discovered in 1932 and has been excavated by the University of Pretoria ever since. The findings were kept quiet at the time since they provided contrary evidence to the racist ideology of black inferiority underpinning apartheid.
Nevertheless, the university now has a rich collection of artefacts made of gold and other materials, as well as human remains, discovered there. According to the University of Pretoria's Mapungubwe website, "Subsequent excavations revealed a court sheltered in a natural amphitheatre at the bottom of the hill, and an elite graveyard at the top – with a spectacular view of the region.
"Twenty-three graves have been excavated from this hilltop site", the website continues. "The bodies in three of these graves were buried in the upright seated position associated with royalty, with a variety of gold and copper items, exotic glass beads, and other prestigious objects.
"These finds provide evidence not only of the early smithing of gold in southern Africa, but of the extensive wealth and social differentiation of the people of Mapungubwe."
The most spectacular of the gold discoveries is a little gold rhinoceros, made of gold foil and tacked with minute pins around a wooden core. The rhino, featured in one of South Africa's new national orders - the Order of Mapungubwe - has come to symbolise the high culture of Mapungubwe. The rhino is also a symbol of leadership among the Shona people of Zimbabwe.
Other artefacts made in similar fashion include the Golden Sceptre and the Golden Bowl, found in the same grave on Mapungubwe Hill.
Evidence of complex social formations
What is so fascinating about Mapungubwe is that it is testimony to the existence of an African civilisation that flourished before colonisation. According to Professor Thomas Huffman of the archaeology department at the University of the Witwatersrand, Mapungubwe represents "the most complex society in southern Africa and is the root of the origins of Zimbabwean culture".
Between 1200 and 1300 AD, the Mapungubwe region was the centre of trade in southern Africa. Wealth came to the region from ivory and later from gold deposits that were found in Zimbabwe. The area was also agriculturally rich because of large-scale flooding in the area. The wealth in the area led to differences between rich and poor.
In the village neighbouring Mapungubwe, called K2, an ancient refuse site has provided archaeologists with plenty of information about the lifestyles of the people of Mapungubwe.
According to the University of Pretoria website: "People were prosperous, and kept domesticated cattle, sheep, goats and dogs. The charred remains of storage huts have also been found, showing that millet, sorghum and cotton were cultivated.
"Findings in the area are typical of the Iron Age. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold for practical and decorative purposes – both for local use and for trade. Pottery, wood, ivory, bone, ostrich eggshells, and the shells of snails and freshwater mussels, indicate that many other materials were used and traded with cultures as far away as East Africa, Persia, Egypt, India and China."
Mapungubwe's fortune only lasted until about 1300, after which time climate changes, resulting in the area becoming colder and drier, led to migrations further north to Great Zimbabwe.
Transfrontier park
Plans are afoot for the establishment of a transfrontier park encompassing parts of South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana. This would link the newly created Mapungubwe National Park with Botswana's Tuli Block and the Tuli Safari area of Zimbabwe. SouthAfrica.info reporter
Last edited on Friday June 10th, 2005 22:36 by Aryek
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Aryek
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Posted: Friday June 10th, 2005 22:48 |
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Archeological finds in Mapunguwe:
Examples of Gold Jewellery from the time
 Mapungubwe's famous gold foil rhinoceros
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The Watcher
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Posted: Monday September 26th, 2005 00:19 |
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Hello again Aryek and all.
I just returned from Zimbabwe earlier today so I'll be boring you with a few pictures for a while...
I entered great Zimbabwe....
And after looking at the museum I climbed the high as hell acropolis. It's a mountain with a large stone fortress on top. It's quite a maze and you have to climb a steep staircase to get to it.
 See it starts off ok...
 But gets harder as you proceed up the side...
 The walls of rock squeeze close together in places and it's intimidating.
Almost there now...
After huffing and puffing my way up there I entered the maze.
 Yes this is really on the top of a big mountain. Don't ask me how they got all these stones up there *shrugs*
This hut is in the middle of the fortress ruins atop the mountain.
From the top of the mountain I could see the whole of the great enclosure which is the main attraction of the Zimbabwe ruins. Look how big it is.
I then went to the great enclosure.
And stood by the famous conical tower.
Check out this model of the great enclosure...
I definately recommend it
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The Watcher
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Posted: Monday September 26th, 2005 00:24 |
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Off topic I know but about 700 km away in the north of the country by Vic falls I saw these you might like to see too.
 A boat the ancients travelled the Zambezi on
 A big wooden head. In fact I saw (and bought) a whole big bunch of art from all over but thats a next thread...
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New Age Warrior
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Posted: Monday September 26th, 2005 18:37 |
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Keep it going!
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Posted: Monday September 26th, 2005 21:33 |
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This is absoutely fantastic! Of course, we can NEVER say enough about Blessed Kmt (Egypt), but the same could be said about the Shona Empire, the history of Ethiopia, Mali/Songhai, and many others that I've not had a chance to learn about. This is great, can anyone suggest any books?
TutBes Sa Anbu
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Posted: Monday September 26th, 2005 21:43 |
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Funnily enough, I did an Amazon search after reading this bit of history and found absolute jack diddy.
Someone needs to write an illustrated book with the REAL history of Africa detailed in it along with pictures and drawings... any one up for it?
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Posted: Monday September 26th, 2005 22:27 |
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DrunkMonkey wrote: Hello again Aryek and all.
I just returned from Zimbabwe earlier today so I'll be boring you with a few pictures for a while...
I entered great Zimbabwe....
And after looking at the museum I climbed the high as hell acropolis. It's a mountain with a large stone fortress on top. It's quite a maze and you have to climb a steep staircase to get to it.
See it starts off ok...
But gets harder as you proceed up the side...
The walls of rock squeeze close together in places and it's intimidating.
Almost there now...
After huffing and puffing my way up there I entered the maze.
Yes this is really on the top of a big mountain. Don't ask me how they got all these stones up there *shrugs*
This hut is in the middle of the fortress ruins atop the mountain.
From the top of the mountain I could see the whole of the great enclosure which is the main attraction of the Zimbabwe ruins. Look how big it is.
I then went to the great enclosure.
And stood by the famous conical tower.
Check out this model of the great enclosure...
I definately recommend it
YES DM SO WOULD I, THE MOST BEAUTIFUL PLACE IN THE WORLD AND GUESS WHAT..........IT WAS BUILT ON MY OPINIONS......LOL
  I AM SO PROUD TO BE ZIMBABWEAN, DESPITE OUR PROBLEMS, WE ARE WONDERFUL PEOPLE!
Last edited on Tuesday September 27th, 2005 06:11 by ohgollyWTF
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Geoff
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Posted: Monday September 26th, 2005 23:27 |
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@ ohgollyWTF and Drunkmonkey
I have had the pleasure and honour of visiting Great Zimbabwe and climbed up to the top....puffing and wheezing.
The African night was falling....but african nights dont really fall........ they plummet like a stone...unlike UK nights...darkness ambles down here.
So by the time we made the ascent ,it was time to get back down again.....I was told there were things to be seen up top...but alas no time to take a look,it seemed like the ascent was like a pilgrimage,I was pressed into doing it,and glad I did...but wished we had done it earlier in the day so as to see the Fort at the top.
The place does have an atmosphere,and the structures appear to be still very much intact amazingly,the alleyways or lanes are very claustrophobic,so narrow and so high above your head,a magical place indeed.
Strange that I saw Great Zimbabwe and Victoria falls on my short visit,but the most powerful memories are of the people,who welcomed me everywhere (most were relatives,or friends of relatives....by marriage) I was presented with several live chickens,a strange concept for a Londoner to grasp.
And strange memory number two?................ the smell of woodsmoke at sunset.
Thanks for the experience Zimbabwe.
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ohgollyWTF
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Posted: Tuesday September 27th, 2005 01:18 |
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Geoff wrote: @ ohgollyWTF and Drunkmonkey
I have had the pleasure and honour of visiting Great Zimbabwe and climbed up to the top....puffing and wheezing.
The African night was falling....but african nights dont really fall........ they plummet like a stone...unlike UK nights...darkness ambles down here.
So by the time we made the ascent ,it was time to get back down again.....I was told there were things to be seen up top...but alas no time to take a look,it seemed like the ascent was like a pilgrimage,I was pressed into doing it,and glad I did...but wished we had done it earlier in the day so as to see the Fort at the top.
The place does have an atmosphere,and the structures appear to be still very much intact amazingly,the alleyways or lanes are very claustrophobic,so narrow and so high above your head,a magical place indeed.
Strange that I saw Great Zimbabwe and Victoria falls on my short visit,but the most powerful memories are of the people,who welcomed me everywhere (most were relatives,or friends of relatives....by marriage) I was presented with several live chickens,a strange concept for a Londoner to grasp.
And strange memory number two?................ the smell of woodsmoke at sunset.
Thanks for the experience Zimbabwe.
@Geoff
I am so homesick right now, you have no idea, , folks can say what they want, but zim people have good hearts, we've had refugees, but they were part of us, nobody made a big deal of it, we are hospitable people, there is a Ndebele saying that i cannot translate into English, least it be taken the wrong way, to be inhospitable in my country is sacrilegious, you just do not do it.
Geoff, i am sure i do not have to tell you how much of a pleasure it was for your in laws to host you.., bet they are always asking when you are coming back. And that my friends, is the Zimbabwean experience.
Last edited on Tuesday September 27th, 2005 01:56 by ohgollyWTF
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Tru-Afri-Can
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Posted: Tuesday September 27th, 2005 02:08 |
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I regret not visiting these historical sites when i was in Zimbabwe a few years ago. I was more interested in the nightclubs then! Hopefully i'll get a second chance.
Some facts i got from a wonderful book: INDABA, MY CHILDREN by Credo Mutwa (Payback Press).
Zimbabwe is rightfully Zima-Mbje meaning structure of stone.
Monomotapa as in 'The ruins of the Monomotapa Empire (15th century Zimbabwe), should really be Munumutaba meaning man of the big mountains.
These european pronunciations have to be cleared already!!!!!
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Posted: Tuesday September 27th, 2005 02:54 |
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I'm feeling this thread. I'm sick of Egypt! Sick and Fukk and Tired of it! We already know everything there is to know about it. This is why I keep mentioning Ghana, Mali and Songhai! Many people don't seem to care to learn about empires that whites can't stake a claim to; even though they tried to say that the Vikings built the Shona empire, LMAOOOO!
No one talks about Axum, I can't find too much about Punt. We need to focus on other areas for real!
That's why I'm feeling this one!
Peace
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Posted: Tuesday September 27th, 2005 03:53 |
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Aryek,
r there any decent museums in zimbabwe coz i went to one in bulawayo and it was crap. it had more history on the white people's colonisation than black historical figures in zimbabwe. and to add insult to injury, there was a statue of cecil rhodes.
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Posted: Tuesday September 27th, 2005 06:02 |
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@starphoenix
Unfortunately there are no decent museums in Zim that focus on the history of Zimbabean people. That silly Natural History Museum in Surburbs, Bulawayo is all there is. If the govt had to fund the building of a new museum that tells the history of all the people of Zimbabwe, mainly the Shona and the Ndebele, they would need a curator that is totally impartial so that non of the aforementioned groups dominates the other. Yes, that museum in Bulawayo is embarassing, especially since they have had 25 years to do something about it. I am not excusing the presence of CJR's statue, unfortunately he is a part of our history as well, but he should not be the centre peice.
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Posted: Tuesday September 27th, 2005 20:43 |
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Those pictures and text are inviting. I wanted to ask I see the ground and somewhat the wall of the Great Zimbabwe covered in reddish earth. Is that common in that region? I remember I saw pictures of nomadic people in Southern Africa covered as in pasted to skin in this reddish earth and wonder if this was common. Also I saw a special about a people from that region I think its the Lemba and they did DNA test on some of the people there and said they have the DNA of a certain Israeli Jewish group or part of the tribes of Israel. Or vice versa. And they mentioned these Jews migrated to that region and made have played an important roles in mixing with these Africans and in building this great wall. Do they reside in that area today and do they take kindly to outsiders interested in their culture.
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